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Historical Record of Chinese Americans | The First Decade of the Chinese Exclusion Act

The Chinese Exclusion Act was a United States federal law signed by President Chester A. Arthur on May 6, 1882 prohibiting the immigration of all Chinese laborers. In times of economic and geopolitical crises, the tensions existed between different ethnic groups and the Chinese Americans paid for the crisis. At the beginning, the law was only a “restriction law” (1882-1888). However, the “restriction law” was ineffective, followed by outbreak of anti-Chinese violence. The confluence of local violence along with national exclusion and international expansion shifted the nature of US border control with a long-term policy of “complete exclusion law” (1888-1943). The hostile political environment lay the grounds for the general public to embrace a racism against Chinese Americans. The Chinese Exclusion Act was repealed in 1943.

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Historical Record of Chinese Americans | Honoring the Chinese American Veterans of WWII

In December 2018, the Chinese American World War II Veteran Congressional Gold Medal Act was signed into law. This act awarded a medal to Chinese American veterans in recognition of their tremendous service to the United States during World War II when they and their families faced discrimination and institutional racism at home. The following is an account of how members of my family came to receive the highest civilian award given by Congress.

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Historical Record of Chinese Americans | Chinatown Was Reborn From the Ashes

San Francisco’s Chinatown was founded around 1850. Largely due to the 1849 gold rush, the Chinese population grew quickly in the city and soon the town became the largest Chinatown in the US. From the beginning, Chinatown had been under constant pressure to relocate. After the 1906 earthquake and fire, residents of San Francisco initially forbade Chinese people from rebuilding their town in an effort to force the Chinese to relocate to unlivable places. In spite of the immense racial tensions, the Chinatown community was able to unite and mobilize to solve the resettlement problem that helped prevent the forcible removal of the Chinese from their American homes.

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Historical Record of Chinese Americans | Huie Kin’s Sons-In-Law

Huie Kin, the first ordained Chinese pastor in Chinatown, New York, married Louise Van Arnam, the daughter of a Dutch-American manufacturer from Troy, New York, in 1887. They had three sons and six daughters. The three Huie sons married American women and worked in the U.S. in engineering or publishing. All six daughters married Chinese students and went to China in educational, religious or medical work.

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Historical Record of Chinese Americans | Chinese American Figure: Billionaire philanthropist and Panda restaurateur Andrew Cherng (程正昌)

Andrew (Zhèngchāng) Cherng (程正昌) is one of Forbes’ Twenty-Five Notable Chinese-Americans [1] and a member of the Committee of 100 [2]. He was born in Yangzhou, China, grew up in Taiwan and Japan. In 1966, at age of 18, Andrew Cherng came to the United States to study mathematics at Baker University in Kansas. There, he met his future wife, Peggy, also an international student. In 1973 Andrew Cherng and his father, a Chinese chef, opened the Panda Inn, a sit-down Chinese restaurant in Pasadena, California. Ten years later, Andrew Cherng opened the first Panda Express, a fast-food Chinese restaurant, which has expanded more than 2,200 locations in the United States, Canada, Mexico, South Korea, and other countries, employing nearly 40,000 people while remaining family-owned and operated. As co-chair and co-CEO of the Panda Restaurant Group, Cherng has amassed a net worth valued at $3.5 billion according to Forbes. Since 1999, Panda Cares, the restaurant group’s philanthropic arm, has donated more than $140 million to provide healthcare services to uninsured children, improve college readiness in schools, deliver immediate relief to victims of the California wildfires, and more.

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Historical Record of Chinese Americans | Tang Xinyuan, Chinese American Astronautical Engineer

Tang Xinyuan (1916-2001) was from Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, and he was born into a textilist family. According to the Piling Tang Family Tree, he was the nineteenth generation descendant of Tang Shunzhi — a scholar, military strategist, author of prose, mathematician, and an anti-Japanese hero of the Ming Dynasty. Tang Xinyuan was the chief engineer of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

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Historical Record of Chinese Americans | Why Early Chinese-American Immigrants Were Subject to the Laundry Industry

The Chinese are hardworking and intelligent, but why were the early Chinese immigrants in the United States subject to the laundry industry? For the first wave of Chinese immigrants to the U.S. in the mid-19th century, the laundry industry became a secure way for Chinese immigrants to support themselves in American society. By the 1870s, Chinese-run laundries had opened up in the streets of American cities, integrating into the daily lives of local residents, and the image of the laundry men had thus become an ethnic symbol for the Chinese in American society.

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Historical Record of Chinese Americans | The Dream Making for US-educated Chinese Students: The Turning Point (1947-1957)

Between 1943 and 1947, the Chinese Government established Annual Qualifying Examinations for studying abroad in order to promote the country’s modernization after WWII. Thousands of students came to the US between 1947 and 1949. In 1949, some of them returned to China after their graduate studies. In 1953, due to the Korean war, the US government prohibited those STEM students from returning to China, and for the first time in US history, some of these students were allowed to gain permanent resident status in the US. Soon the students started mobilizing to fight for their rightful cause by sending petitions to the Congress, executive branch, and mainstream media. They also got the backing of the new Chinese government. In 1955 US and China held negotiations in Geneva regarding the US airmen who were held in China during the Korean War and the Chinese students residing in the US who wanted to go back to China. Between 1949 and January 1957, there were around 1,200 Chinese students returned to China.

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Historical Record of Chinese Americans | Aim to Fly: Father of the Chinese Revolutionary Air Force

Sen Yet Young, a Chinese American from a wealthy family in Hawaii,learned to fly and became the first Hawaiian-born aviator with an official pilot license. At Yat-sen Sun’s invitation, Young traveled to China to organize and lead an aviation brigade. He was tasked to train Chinese pilots and build China’s first airplane. After his death in 1923, he was posthumously awarded the rank of lieutenant general and is remembered as the founder of the Chinese Air Force.

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Historical Record of Chinese Americans | Share Our Stories to Transform Our Future

Author: Ava Salzman “I hope that this short retelling will inspire all of us in the AAPIS community to share our creation stories, and, in doing so, raise our voices in resistance and solidarity to transform our future.”                                –Ava Salzman(虞锦莹), Sophomore at Harvard College “Fire on Gold Mountain” is a set of 10 drawings

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