The deeply rooted Confucian and Taoist cultures make benevolence and mutual assistance transcend the boundaries of nationalities and religions
Author: Fan Jiao
When Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in March 1938, roughly 185,000 Austrian Jews were forced to leave their motherland. Despite the pressure from the Nazi regime, Dr. Fengshan Ho, Consul General of the Republic of China in Vienna, under the jurisdiction of the Chinese Embassy in Germany, worked against time to have issued thousands of Chinese visas to Vienna Jews, enabling them to travel by boat from Italy or overland via the Soviet Union to Shanghai, thus avoiding a humanitarian catastrophe and successfully escaping the Nazi concentration camps.
On August 8, 2000, Dr. Ho was posthumously awarded the title of “Righteous Man of the World” by the Holocaust Memorial in Israel.
Dr. Robert Israel Singer, Secretary-General of the World Jewish Congress and Vice-Chairman of the Holocaust Memorial Committee, told historian Dr. Erik Erikson with tears: “My parents and I were rescued by Dr. Fengshan Ho! Without him, our whole family would have been wiped out! He is a Chinese hero, and a hero of our Jews and the peace-loving people of the world!”
Dr. Yehoyada Haim, the former Israeli ambassador to China, said with emotion: “It was the ancient culture of the China that accepted the Jews.”1
Former German Chancellor Gerhard Fritz Kurt Schröder said: “We see the brilliance of human nature, and we feel our own insignificance.”2
In 2002, a grand unveiling ceremony was held in Jerusalem for the “Monument to the Righteous Man of the World – Mr. Ho Fengshan”. The stone tablet was engraved with “the Chinese who will never be forgotten”. Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon praised from the heart in front of the monument: “He is not a hero nor angel, he is God!” 3
Humanitarian Pioneers – Two Schindlers
Oskar Schindler (April 28, 1908 – October 9, 1974) was a German industrialist and member of the Nazi Party who began working secretly with several Jewish organizations in late 1939 to free some Jews from prisons, concentration camps and transferred to his factories around the world. He employed Jews in factories in occupied Poland and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia during the Holocaust, had saved approximately 1,200 Jewish lives. Until the end of World War II in Germany on May 3, 1945, he had bribed SS officials at all ranks preventing the arrest or execution of his workers.4 This is the German’s Schindler.
Then, the “Chinese Schindler”9, was Dr. Ho Fengshan, Consul General of the Republic of China in Vienna, the capital of Austria, less than 200 miles away. He risked his life by issuing visas to Shanghai to all Jewish applicants between 1938 and 1940, including those who wished to travel elsewhere but needed a visa to leave the Nazi German-occupied territories. Many Jews used their visas to travel to Shanghai and other destinations, including the Philippines, Cuba, and other countries that were willing to host them.
Ho Fengshan was born on September 10, 1901, in Yiyang City(益阳市), Hunan Province(湖南省), China. His father died when he was seven years old, and his family was poor, but he was diligent and eager to learn. He was first admitted to the Yale-Li High School in Changsha(长沙市), and then went to the Yale-Li University. He entered the University of Munich in Germany in 1929 and received a doctorate in political economy in 1932.
In 1935, Dr. Ho Fengshan started his diplomatic career at the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs Embassy in Turkey. In the spring of 1937, he served as the first secretary of the Chinese Embassy in Vienna, Austria. When Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in 1938, the embassy was downgraded and turned into a consulate, and he was appointed as the consul general.
In May 1940, Dr. Fengshan Ho left Vienna. After the war, Dr Ho served as ambassador to Egypt, Mexico, Bolivia, and Colombia. In 1973, after four decades of diplomatic service, he became an ordinary American and came to San Francisco to retire as the founder of the local Lutheran Church. Dr. Ho’s memoir, “Forty Years of My Diplomatic Career”, was published in 1990.
On September 28, 1997, 96-year-old Dr. Ho Fengshan, accompanied by his wife and daughter, died of illness at home. Until the end, his optimism and positive spirit did not fade at all.10
Ho Fengshan believed: “You don’t want your kindness to be seen by others, otherwise it would lose the true meaning of kindness.” He never publicized the fact that he saved thousands of Jewish lives.
Her daughter, Manli Ho, who was then a journalist at Boston Globe, published an obituary in the paper, mentioning that her father had issued visas to Jews helping them leaving Europe. American Jewish historian Saul Friedlander immediately called her to inquire about the matter. Later, he located several Jewish people and their descendants, who obtained a visa written by Ho Fengshan. By then, this history has surfaced and won worldwide attention.11
Dr. Ho was influenced by Confucian ethics and Western education, as well as the Hunan culture. He was energetic, outgoing, energetic, witty and humorous. He dared to be the first to do right things and had the courage to take responsibility. His colleagues in the consulate described him as a “Bodhisattva”.
He was active in the local cultural and intellectual circle due to his proficiency in German and his dynamic personality. He had been very popular as a speaker on Chinese culture and customs. He had a wide circle of friends in Vienna, especially among intellectuals, many of whom were Jewish.
After Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in March 1938, some 185,000 Jews were forced to leave their homes in Austria. The Nazis demanded that all Jews applying to leave must have a valid entry visa or international ferry ticket to another country, plus then an additional 450,000 German Jews who had not left Germany then to flee at the same time, all had to flee at the same time as soon as possible before Hitler’s “Final Solution on the Jewish Question” got implemented. It would have been very, very tight, and difficult for so many Jews to obtain entry visas or international ferry tickets.
In July, representatives from 32 Central/South American and European countries including Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, France, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Ireland, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, and Venezuela, met in Evian, France to discuss The European refugee crisis caused by Nazi Germany.12
Although delegates expressed sympathy for Jews seeking to escape Nazi persecution, the most countries decided not to abandon their restrictive immigration policies and refused to accept Jewish immigration (only one country, the Dominican Republic, agreed to accept 100,000 refugees). This made it almost impossible for those 185,000 Austrian Jews in danger to leave the country.1
However, by the end of 1938, more than 7,000 Jews had crossed the border to Italy and Switzerland. Most of them held Chinese visas to Shanghai2, and these people eventually escaped Nazi persecution and managed to reach Shanghai, China or other countries.
Who rescued them?
From June 1938, because part of Shanghai was still under the control of the Republic of China, and because no countries in the world would accept Jewish refugees, a visa to Shanghai became a necessary condition for Jews to leave Austria. Therefore, out of humanitarian sympathy, Dr. Ho began to issue many visas to Shanghai for Vienna Jews; in the first three months of his tenure as Consul General, he issued 1,200 visas to Shanghai.
The Vienna Jewish Segregated Community was officially dissolved in November 1942. By the end of World War II, more than 65,000 Austrian Jews who had failed to escape had died in Nazi concentration camps and segregated communities13.
Dr. Ho often told his consulate colleagues, “I think it’s necessary to be compassionate and to be there to help people who are in trouble at all times; from a human point of view, that’s the bottom line of being a human being.”
With his help, many people successfully reached Shanghai by boat from Italy or by road from the Soviet Union. There were also many who used the visas they got to travel to other destinations, including the Philippines, Cuba and other countries that were willing to host them.
In early 1938, because there was a daily limit on issuing visas at the Chinese consulate in Vienna, Austria, 19-year-old Hans Kraus tried desperately every day to get past the long queues and submit visa applications to the consulate. One day, when he was queuing again, he saw a car of the Chinese Consul General with the window open, about to enter the consulate, so he ran up and stuffed the visa application into the window. Unexpectedly, soon after, he received a call to the consulate to pick up visas. On October 12, 1938, Hans Krauss and his four family members left Vienna and arrived in Shanghai smoothly.
Another Jewish refugee who escaped a Nazi concentration camp was Eric Goldstaub. In 1938, Dr. Ho issued him a family visa; this Shanghai visa issued to the whole family enabled his family and other relatives, old and young, a total of 20 people to finally arrive in Canada safely.
Among them were sister/brother Lilith Sylvia Doron and Karl Rene Lilienthal. His younger brother Karl had been arrested and taken to Dachau, but the Chinese consulate issued a visa on Ho Fengshan’s instructions, and he was eventually released, leaving Vienna in 1939 with his sister Lilith.
Dr Ho issued Visa No. 200 in June 1938 and Visa No. 1906 on 27 October 1938. Ho continued to issue these visas until he was recalled to the country in May 1940. The exact number of visas Ho gave to Jewish refugees is unknown. But considering Ho issued nearly 2,000 visas in the first half of his tenure alone, the number could be in the thousands.
China worked with Germany to fight against Japanese invaders (1926-1941)
Between 1926 and 1941, there was a lot of cooperation between the Republic of China and Germany on the modernization of Chinese industry and the military. At that time, China suffered from factional warlord melee and invasion by foreign powers. The victory of the Northern Expedition in 1928 allowed the Kuomintang to unify China, but after 1931, the Japanese Empire became the greatest foreign threat. In the 12.8 Incident of 1932, the Chinese Army in Shanghai suffered heavy losses in the battle with the Japanese Army due to outdated weapons and equipment. China’s urgency to modernize its military and defense industries, coupled with Germany’s need to have a reliable anti-communist ally in Asia, and a stable supply of Chinese raw materials, put China and Germany on a path of close cooperation from the late 1920s. Germany had been providing military advisors and weapons to the Kuomintang. Sino-German cooperation had also greatly improved China’s ability to resist Japanese aggression. In 1933, China and Germany reached an agreement to establish 30 German Equipment Divisions (德制师). 35 Despite the rise of the Nazis in Germany, this continued for some time; as of August 1938, at least 144 million marks (about $58.16 million) of German arm supplies had arrived in China. 18
After September 1937, Germany gradually adopted a realistic attitude on the issue of its position in the Sino-Japanese War. On the one hand, the pro-Japanese factions in the Nazi Party did not want Japan’s strength to be consumed on the Chinese battlefield; on the other hand, the conservative forces in the German military, political and industrial circles did not want Japan to completely occupy China and monopolize the Chinese market and strategic raw materials. Therefore, Germany expressed in early October 1937 that it hoped that China and Japan could end the war as soon as possible through negotiations. Oskar Paul Trautmann, the German ambassador to China, started a mediation effort. Although Germany hoped to act as a mediator to bring peace between China and Japan, the fall of Nanjing had made the Japanese military command stronger, and the Japanese government had completely lost its control over the military; it was impossible to have peace between China and Japan.
On December 28, the Nationalist government held an informal meeting to discuss Japan’s second peace terms, and finally agreed that China could not accept such humiliating terms. On the same day, Chiang Kai-shek informed Trautmann that China refused to accept Japan’s conditions. 19
On July 1, 1941, Germany and Italy officially recognized the Wang Jingwei puppet regime in Nanjing(南京汪精卫伪政权), and the Chongqing National Government severed diplomatic relations with Germany. 20
Chinese Civilians’ Heartwarming Generosity towards Jewish Refugees and the Government’s Grand Resettle Plan in the thirties
According to the Bible, about 6,000 years ago, due to the pouring rain for forty consecutive days, the world became an ocean, and all living things on the earth were in danger of being destroyed. However, because Noah, the son of Lamech and ninth in descent from Adam, was favored by God, he knew the news of the coming flood in advance. Therefore, a large ship called “Noah’s Ark” was built in advance, and relying on this ship, he ensured the safety of himself, his family and some creatures. Ultimately, his family and creature developed into the human and biological world it is today.
Thousands of miles away, when thousands Jewish refugees were desperate, thousands of years of Confucian and Taoist cultures, and the spirit of benevolence and mutual assistance made China open to the Jews. Thousands of Jewish refugees flocked to Shanghai, and other large and medium-sized cities such as Guangzhou(广州), Ningbo(宁波)and Harbin(哈尔滨), the ordinary citizens in the country were filled with sympathy and love for Jewish refugees.
This was no accident.
The accepted historical account is that Jews came to China as early as the Tang Dynasty (around the 8th Century). It is well known that the Jewish community in Kaifeng(开丰，河南) was formed during the Song Dynasty (960-1279.33
Culturally speaking, most Chinese are influenced by Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism rather than Christianity, and Chinese and Jewish cultures share a great deal in common. For example, both lay great stress on family ties and educational values, and although both have absorbed various exotic cultures, their central core has never changed. On a stone monument erected in 1489, the Kaifeng Jews wrote: ‘Our religion and Confucianism differ only in minor details. In mind and deed both respect Heaven’s Way, venerate ancestors, are loyal to sovereigns and ministers, and filial to parents. Both call for harmony with wives and children, respect for rank, and for making friends’.34
At that time, a German-Jewish industrialist named Jakob Berglas was also doing everything possible to make a living for European Jews.
Civil society organization, “China League of Nations Comrades Association“22 had always been concerned about Jewish issues since 1933. In May 1938, the Society sent people to Shanghai to investigate and found that the number of Jews had reached more than 10,000 people who lived in the refugee shelters in the various concession areas, and the problem of lack of food and clothing was becoming more serious. In consideration of humanitarian concerns and the future of the war, the association actively discussed solutions. At this time, they received Jacob Berglas‘ immigration plan, and they believed that most of the terms in the plan were acceptable, and a few terms needed to be supplemented and revised, so they added “After Jews come to China, they must unconditionally become Chinese nationals.” ”, “China organizes a Jewish immigration committee”, etc., and formed the “Opinions on Jewish Immigrants to China”, which was reported to the Chongqing Kuomintang Central Executive Committee.
At that time, China was amid the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War. With the massive invasion and pressing of the Japanese invaders, the departments of the Nanjing National Government, the industrial and mining enterprises in large and medium-sized cities such as Shanghai and Wuhan were preparing to move along the river to Chongqing, Sichuan. Despite this, the Nationalist government, which was in the war and national disaster, expressed sympathy for the situation of many Jewish refugees, but also suffered from being restricted by its own conditions and that the refugees couldn’t be properly resettled easily, and was caught in a difficult situation. Under such special circumstances, Chiang Kai-shek repeatedly instructed the relevant departments of the Nationalist government to speed up research and consultations, and to come up with a more appropriate solution for the settlement of Jewish refugees as soon as possible.
On February 17, 1939, the head of Legislature of Government, Sun Ke submitted a proposal to the Supreme National Defense Committee, proposing to demarcate a sojourn area in the southwestern border region of the country to resettle tens of thousands of Jewish refugees who fled to China.32
The reasons for the proposal were sufficient and the solution was feasible. Although there was no lack of self-interested elements, the sympathy and kindness for the Jewish refugees was vivid:21
“The Jewish people suffered the most from the country’s subjugation. For more than 2,600 years, it has been displaced and oppressed by all parties. With the recent rise of Fascist forces in Europe, the Jewish people have been subjected to merciless abuse, especially in Germany. Since Hitler’s merger with Austria, the massacre of Austrian Jews has intensified. Recently, under the pretext that the secretary of the German ambassador to France was murdered by the Jews, a campaign was launched. The large-scale anti-Semitic movement, its methods are unheard of in ancient times. The current plan to demarcate the Jewish sojourn area in the southwestern border is based on the following reasons:
1. As far as national policy is concerned, uniting, and assisting weak and small ethnic groups are stipulated by the Prime Minister Sun Yat-sen’s legacy.
2. As far as Great Britain is concerned, helping the Jews can increase the sympathy from British public for our fight against Japan. What’s more, Britain’s Far East policy really depends on the industrialists and bankers in the Far East. The initial obstruction of the British economic aid and the recent realization of it are all manipulated by the industrialists and bankers. Most bankers are Jewish, so the implementation of this plan should affect the further improvement of Britain’s attitude towards us.
3. As far as the United States is concerned, the American aid movement to Judea has almost monopolized the attention of the people of the whole country, and the aid movement to China has been greatly influenced by it. After the implementation of this plan, not only will it gain the goodwill of the American people, but it will also be enough to turn the eyes of the United States to look at Jews in China and turn to us, which will surely yield huge gains in publicity. As far as the future of construction is concerned, Jews are rich in financial resources and especially talented. If I can form a good impression of them and get their assistance, it will be a great help to our development in those remote areas.
Method
1. In the southwest border area, where there is a risk of being close to the international route, several thousands of acres are designated as the Jewish sojourn area.
2. The central government shall formulate an organizing committee of the central and local chief executives to be responsible for planning the construction and management of the region.
3. The above-mentioned committees are responsible for mobilizing Jewish leaders with status and prestige at home and abroad to respond unanimously and participate in the advancement of this plan.
4. A separate registration office for Jewish unemployed technicians will be set up to introduce their specialized talents as much as possible for the construction of various departments in our area.
Proposed by: Sun Ke, President of the Legislative Branch/Yuan, February 17, 2028”
(Proposal from Sun Ke to the Supreme National Defense Committee, Archives of the National Government in the Second Archive)
In July 1939, the Executive Branch/Yuan held another review meeting on the plan to accommodate Jewish immigrants, and it was clear that the main targets of assistance were stateless Jews.
Long Yun, chairman of the Yunnan provincial government(云南省政府主席龙云), made another proposal that is to use Jews for land reclamation. He sent a telegram to Zhang Qun(国防最高委员会秘书长张群), Secretary General of the Supreme National Defense Committee, stating his reasons: Yunnan Province(云南省) is vast and sparsely populated, and the land is fertile. Jews gathered in Shanghai, rich in knowledge and rich in financial resources, if they can be moved to Yunnan to reclaim wasteland, a lot of good things can happen. However, Long Yun was not sure whether his proposition was feasible or not. He implored Zhang Qun to report it to the National Government. If feasible, he would immediately formulate specific measures.32
However, due to the neutral public opinion in the United States at the time, Washington political leaders and the Jewish community in North America remained silent on this matter. In addition, the situation of the Anti-Japanese War in China was getting worse and worse, and China’s plan to accept Jews on a large scale was not fully implemented. Sun Ke’s proposal was only partially realized, and China’s Noah’s Ark was only successful in Shanghai and a few other cities.
Jewish refugees at Noah’s Ark in Shanghai
According to the Bible, about 6,000 years ago, due to the pouring rain for forty consecutive days, the world became an ocean, and all living things on the earth were in danger of being destroyed. However, because Noah was favored by God, he knew the news of the coming flood in advance. Therefore, a large ship called “Noah’s Ark” was built in advance, and relying on this ship, he ensured the safety of himself, his family, and some animals. Ultimately, his family and creatures developed into the human and biological world it is today.
Although Shanghai was more than 7,000 kilometers away from their homes in Austria, Germany, and Poland, between 1933 and 1943 more than 25,000 Jews fled to China’s largest city to escape the Holocaust. At first, these new Shanghai residents lived peacefully and were welcomed by Shanghai residents. They created a vibrant, European-style Shanghai community with a distinctive Jewish culture. Some refugees started working as dentists and family doctors, while others opened nearby shops, cafes and clubs, and the Shanghainese-speaking, playful Jewish children on the streets were beloved by residents.
In 1942, the Nazi Gestapo for Japanese representative, Josef Meisinger, visited Shanghai to present to the Japanese authorities his “Meisinger Plan” – the final solution to the Jews in the Japanese occupied territories – to kill all Jews. The local Japanese government refused to implement the plan, but on February 18, 1943, the Japanese announced the establishment of a “designated area for stateless refugees” to move all refugees who had fled from Europe to Shanghai since 1937 to a Hongkou District about a square mile area; approximately 25,000 Jewish refugees and tens of thousands of local Shanghainese lived in that quarantine area.
The Hongkou Quarantine Zone was connected to Zhujiazui Road(朱家嘴路) in the north, Huimin Street(回民街) in the south, North Road(通北路) in the east, Fair Road(公平路) and Tilan Bridge(提篮桥) in the west.
Huoshan Park in the heart of the Hongkou Quarantine was once a place for Jewish refugees to rest and relax during World War II. Following a visit by Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin in 1993, the park was erected in 1994 as a monument to the Jewish community.25
Unlike some closed Jewish ghettos in Europe at that time, the “Tilan Bridge” section leading to the “Huangpu River” in the west of the Hongkou ghetto was not fenced off. Japanese authorities provided only a small number of passes, allowing Jews to work or go to school outside the quarantine zone. Because most refugees were unable to find work during the quarantine period, the JDC and other Western sources of aid were cut off again during the war, and the economic situation quickly became dire; they had to rely on local Chinese aid organizations and charities.
Despite increasingly harsh conditions, life in the Hongkou Quarantine continued, with Jewish refugees maintaining friendly relations with the local Shanghainese, while maintaining their own Jewish customs and traditional culture. In 1941, Jerry Moses was only 6 years old when he and his family fled from Germany to Shanghai. “Without the tolerance [of the Shanghainese], our lives would be miserable,” he said, quoting Moses. “In Europe, if a Jew escapes, he or she has to hide, while in Shanghai we can dance, pray, and do business.” When he was traveling back to Shanghai, he told a fellow reporter: “I am so grateful. The Chinese people are so kind to us. Without this country, I would have died long ago. “Ala Jewish Ning！, Ala Shanghai Jewish Ning! Ala Zong Guo Ning！” (I am Jewish, Shanghai Jewish, I am Chinese)”.10
The Shanghai Ghetto was officially liberated after the war in September 1945, and Jewish refugees gradually left Shanghai for Israel over the next ten years.
Conclusion
Dr. Ho Fengshan, China’s Schindler, the visas he issued to the Jews were the “Life-Saving Visa”, which won the praise and memory of generations to come. Reflected the origin of Confucianism and Taoism，many ordinary Chinese citizens helped the Jews who fled to China to tide over the tremendous difficulties in those dark days. The government of the Republic of China abided by the legacy of Prime Minister Sun Yat-sen, assisted the weak Jewish refugees, and cooperated with Germany to fight against the Japanese invaders, which was also a manifestation of this traditional humanitarian culture.
Thousands of years of Confucian and Taoist cultures have made benevolence and mutual assistance transcend the boundaries of ethnic groups, religions, and countries.
References：
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- 图 7，隔离区的地图。该地区大约一平方英里，居住着大约 25,000 名犹太人和 100,000 名上海当地人，由上海犹太难民博物馆提供 https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shanghai-Ghettoviertel-01-Plan-2012-gje.jpg
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- 图 10，难民通行证的正、背面。 居住在隔离区的每个难民都需要出示此通行证才能进出隔离区 https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/19/asia/china-jews-schindler-ho-feng-shan/index.html, 4 of 12
- 图 11，“舟山路” 因其咖啡馆、商店和夜总会而被称为“小维也纳”，是犹太人聚居区的商业中心https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Ghetto#/media/File:Shanghai_ghetto_in_1943.jpg PD
- Adam Minter, LA Times, Return of a Shanghai Jew, published on JAN, 15, 2006 12 AM PT, last accessed: 4:58pm, 1/19/2022, https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-jan-15-tm-shanghai3-story.html
- 图 12，2005年，82岁的露丝·沙尼（Ruth Shani）在上海舟山路一栋三层楼的犹太建筑前停下，这里曾经是她的家。 露丝与四名昔日犹太难民一起参观了60年前庇护犹太难民免受纳粹迫害的“东方诺亚方舟”上海。1939 年至1949 年，露丝曾随父母住在上海。courtesy of Shanghai Jewish Refugee Museum http://www.shhkjrm.com/node2/n4/n6/n34/n51/index_K87.html
- 图 13，上海犹太难民纪念馆的何凤山纪念牌匾。上海是何曾救过的数千名犹太人中的许多人的最终目的地。Photo by HBarrison, CC BY-SA 3.0
- 杨智友，民间历史，香港中文大学中国研究服务中心，未完工的诺亚方舟：战时中国筹设犹太人特区始末, last accessed: 5:16pm, 1/20/2022, http://mjlsh.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/book.aspx?cid=6&tid=169&pid=4060 – 诺亚方舟: 孙科的安置犹太人方案
- Matthew Fishbane (March 30, 2010). “China’s Ancient Jewish Enclave”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2012-07-20. Retrieved 9 May 2020. 5:23pm, 1/19/2022
- Chen Yuan and Ye Han, Study on the Israelite Religion in Kaifeng – Commentaries on the Stone Inscription of the Israelites, Shanghai, 1923, p. 2.
- Eric Niderost, The Fall of Shanghai: Prelude to the Rape of Nanking & WWII, Warfare History Network, last accessed: 11:06pm 1/20/2022, https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/2015/08/17/the-fall-of-shanghai-prelude-to-the-rape-of-nanking-wwii/
- 图 14，民国立法院主席孙科，https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Fo#/media/File:Sun_Fo_-_Hong_Kong_-_HK_-_c1950_cs.jpg, public domain
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